The Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)

BDNF

The Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) gene is integral to the development and function of the central and peripheral nervous system. It encodes for the BDNF protein, a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are essential for the survival, growth, and maintenance of neurons. BDNF plays a pivotal role in cognitive functions, including learning and memory, and is involved in the process of neurogenesis—the formation of new neurons in the brain. Variants within the BDNF gene, such as rs6265 and rs10767664, can impact its expression and function, leading to varied implications for cognitive health and behavior.

Function of the BDNF Gene:

The BDNF protein supports the survival and differentiation of neurons in the developing brain and helps maintain and strengthen the synapses that are the primary sites of communication between neurons in the adult brain. This synaptic plasticity is a fundamental mechanism underlying learning and memory. BDNF is also critical for neurogenesis in the hippocampus, a brain area pivotal for forming new memories and associated with mood regulation.

Cofactors Influencing BDNF:

Physical Activity: Regular exercise increases BDNF levels, which contributes to improved cognitive function and mood.

Diet: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, have been shown to increase BDNF expression, supporting cognitive health and mood regulation.

Stress: Chronic stress decreases BDNF levels, which can negatively affect mood and cognitive functions.

Impact of BDNF Variants on Health and Behavior

rs6265 Variant

Cognition and Mood: The rs6265 variant, also known as Val66Met, influences BDNF activity. Individuals with the Met allele may have reduced activity-dependent BDNF secretion, which has been linked to decreased hippocampal volume and impaired cognitive functioning.

Neurogenesis: This variant may also affect neurogenesis, with potential implications for learning and memory throughout life.

rs10767664 Variant

Cognitive Flexibility: This variant has been associated with variations in brain function that may influence cognitive flexibility, the mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts or to think about multiple concepts simultaneously.

Stress Response: It may also play a role in determining individual differences in the response to stress